SPASM OF ACCOMMODATION

(continue  ACCOMMODATION ANOMALIES)

Spasm of accommodation refers to exertion of abnormally excessive accommodation.

Causes
1. Drug induced spasm of accommodation is known to occur after use of strong miotics such as echothiophate and DFP.

2. Spontaneous spasm of accommodation is occasionally found in

PARALYSIS OF ACCOMMODATION

(continue  ACCOMMODATION ANOMALIES)
Paralysis of accommodation also known as
cycloplegia refers to complete absence of accommodation.

Causes
1. Drug induced cycloplegia results due to the effect of atropine, homatropine or other parasympatholytic drugs.

2. Internal ophthalmoplegia (paralysis of ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae) may result from neuritis associated with diphtheria, syphilis,
diabetes, alcoholism, cerebral or meningeal diseases.
 
3. Paralysis of accommodation as a 

INSUFFICIENCY OF ACCOMMODATION

(continue  ACCOMMODATION ANOMALIES) Insufficiency of accommodation

The term insufficiency of accommodation is used when the accommodative power is significantly less than the normal physiological limits for the patient's
age. Therefore, it should not be confused with presbyopia in which the physiological insufficiency of accommodation is normal for the patient's age.

Causes
1. Premature sclerosis of lens.
2. Weakness of ciliary muscle due to

ANOMALIES OF ACCOMMODATION

Anomalies of accommodation are not uncommon.
These include: (1) Presbyopia, (2) Insufficiency of accommodation, (3) Paralysis of accommodation, and (4) Spasm of accommodation.(last three anomalies discussed in other posts)

PRESBYOPIA
Pathophysiology and causes:

Presbyopia (eye sight of old age) is not an error of refraction but a condition of physiological
insufficiency of accommodation leading to a progressive fall in near vision.

Pathophysiology. To understand the pathophysiology of presbyopia a working knowledge about
accommodation (as described in this post) is mandatory. As we know, in an emmetropic eye far point is infinity and near point varies with