ADULT INCLUSION CONJUNCTIVITIS

Adult Inclusion conjunctivitis is a type of acute follicular conjunctivitis associated with mucopurulent discharge. It usually affects the
sexually active young adults.

Etiology
Inclusion conjunctivitis is caused by serotypes D to
K of Chlamydia trachomatis. The primary source of
infection is urethritis in males and cervicitis in

Trachoma Management

Management of trachoma should involve curative as
well as control measures.

A. Treatment of active trachoma
Antibiotics for treatment of active trachoma may be
given locally or systemically, but topical treatment is
preferred because:

• It is cheaper,
• There is no risk of systemic side-effects, and

TRACHOMA Complications & Diagnosis

Complications
The only complication of trachoma is corneal ulcer
which may occur due to rubbing by concretions, or
trichiasis with superimposed bacterial infection.

Diagnosis
A. The clinical diagnosis of trachoma is made from
its typical signs; at least two sets of signs should be
present out of the following:

Grading of trachoma

McCallan's classification
McCallan in 1908, divided the clinical course of the
trachoma into following four stages:

• Stage I (Incipient trachoma or stage of infiltration). It is characterized by hyperaemia of palpebral conjunctiva and immature follicles.
• Stage II (Established trachoma or stage of florid infiltration). It is characterized by appearance of mature

what is trachoma ?

Trachoma (previously known as Egyptian ophthalmia) is a chronic keratoconjunctivitis, primarily affecting the superficial epithelium of
conjunctiva and cornea simultaneously. It is characterised by a mixed follicular and papillary response of conjunctival tissue. It is still one of the
leading causes of 

ACUTE MEMBRANOUS CONJUNCTIVITIS

It is an acute inflammation of the conjunctiva,
characterized by formation of a true membrane on the
conjunctiva. Now-a-days it is of very-very rare
occurrence, because of markedly decreased
incidence of diphtheria. It is because of the fact that
immunization against diptheria is very effective.

Etiology
The disease is typically caused by Corynebacterium
diphtheriae and occasionally by virulent type of

CONTACT LENSES

what is contact lens

Contact lens is an artificial device whose front surface
substitutes the anterior surface of the cornea.
Therefore, in addition to correction of refractive error,
the irregularities of the front surface of cornea can
also be corrected by the contact lenses.
Parts, curves, and nomenclature for contact lens
To understand the contact lens specifications
following standard nomenclature has been recommended
(Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. A contact lens.

1. Diameters of the lens are as follows :
i. Overall diameter (OD) of the lens is the linear measurement of the greatest distance across the physical boundaries of 

PARALYSIS OF ACCOMMODATION

(continue  ACCOMMODATION ANOMALIES)
Paralysis of accommodation also known as
cycloplegia refers to complete absence of accommodation.

Causes
1. Drug induced cycloplegia results due to the effect of atropine, homatropine or other parasympatholytic drugs.

2. Internal ophthalmoplegia (paralysis of ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae) may result from neuritis associated with diphtheria, syphilis,
diabetes, alcoholism, cerebral or meningeal diseases.
 
3. Paralysis of accommodation as a 

Accommodation eye

Definition. As we know that in an emmetropic eye, parallel rays of light coming from infinity are brought to focus on the retina, with accommodation being at rest. However, our eyes have been provided with a unique mechanism by which we can even focus the
diverging rays coming from a near object on the retina in a bid to see clearly (Fig. 1).
This mechanism is called accommodation. In it there occurs increase in

 FIG 1 Effect of accommodation on divergent rays
entering the eye

Fig. 2. Changes in the crystalline lens during
accommodation.

the power of crystalline lens due to increase in the
curvature of its surfaces (Fig. 2).
At rest the